Do more speculative VarInt reading optimizations (#1418)

proxy/src/main/java/com/velocitypowered/proxy/protocol/ProtocolUtils.java

@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ public enum ProtocolUtils {
           .build();
 
   public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_STRING_SIZE = 65536; // 64KiB
+  private static final int MAXIMUM_VARINT_SIZE = 5;
   private static final BinaryTagType<? extends BinaryTag>[] BINARY_TAG_TYPES = new BinaryTagType[] {
       BinaryTagTypes.END, BinaryTagTypes.BYTE, BinaryTagTypes.SHORT, BinaryTagTypes.INT,
       BinaryTagTypes.LONG, BinaryTagTypes.FLOAT, BinaryTagTypes.DOUBLE,
@@ -111,13 +112,18 @@ public enum ProtocolUtils {
       BinaryTagTypes.COMPOUND, BinaryTagTypes.INT_ARRAY, BinaryTagTypes.LONG_ARRAY};
   private static final QuietDecoderException BAD_VARINT_CACHED =
       new QuietDecoderException("Bad VarInt decoded");
-  private static final int[] VARINT_EXACT_BYTE_LENGTHS = new int[33];
+  private static final int[] VAR_INT_LENGTHS = new int[65];
 
   static {
     for (int i = 0; i <= 32; ++i) {
-      VARINT_EXACT_BYTE_LENGTHS[i] = (int) Math.ceil((31d - (i - 1)) / 7d);
+      VAR_INT_LENGTHS[i] = (int) Math.ceil((31d - (i - 1)) / 7d);
     }
-    VARINT_EXACT_BYTE_LENGTHS[32] = 1; // Special case for the number 0.
+    VAR_INT_LENGTHS[32] = 1; // Special case for the number 0.
+  }
+
+  private static DecoderException badVarint() {
+    return MinecraftDecoder.DEBUG ? new CorruptedFrameException("Bad VarInt decoded")
+        : BAD_VARINT_CACHED;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -127,56 +133,29 @@ public enum ProtocolUtils {
    * @return the decoded VarInt
    */
   public static int readVarInt(ByteBuf buf) {
-    int read = readVarIntSafely(buf);
+    int readable = buf.readableBytes();
-    if (read == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+    if (readable == 0) {
-      throw MinecraftDecoder.DEBUG ? new CorruptedFrameException("Bad VarInt decoded")
+      // special case for empty buffer
-          : BAD_VARINT_CACHED;
+      throw badVarint();
     }
-    return read;
-  }
 
-  /**
+    // we can read at least one byte, and this should be a common case
-   * Reads a Minecraft-style VarInt from the specified {@code buf}. The difference between this
+    int k = buf.readByte();
-   * method and {@link #readVarInt(ByteBuf)} is that this function returns a sentinel value if the
+    if ((k & 0x80) != 128) {
-   * varint is invalid.
+      return k;
-   *
+    }
-   * @param buf the buffer to read from
+
-   * @return the decoded VarInt, or {@code Integer.MIN_VALUE} if the varint is invalid
+    // in case decoding one byte was not enough, use a loop to decode up to the next 4 bytes
-   */
+    int maxRead = Math.min(MAXIMUM_VARINT_SIZE, readable);
-  public static int readVarIntSafely(ByteBuf buf) {
+    int i = k & 0x7F;
-    int i = 0;
+    for (int j = 1; j < maxRead; j++) {
-    int maxRead = Math.min(5, buf.readableBytes());
+      k = buf.readByte();
-    for (int j = 0; j < maxRead; j++) {
-      int k = buf.readByte();
       i |= (k & 0x7F) << j * 7;
       if ((k & 0x80) != 128) {
         return i;
       }
     }
-    return Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+    throw badVarint();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Reads a Minecraft-style VarInt from the specified {@code buf}. The difference between this
-   * method and {@link #readVarInt(ByteBuf)} is that this function returns a sentinel value if the
-   * varint is invalid.
-   *
-   * @param buf the buffer to read from
-   * @return the decoded VarInt
-   * @throws DecoderException if the varint is invalid
-   */
-  public static int readVarIntSafelyOrThrow(ByteBuf buf) {
-    int i = 0;
-    int maxRead = Math.min(5, buf.readableBytes());
-    for (int j = 0; j < maxRead; j++) {
-      int k = buf.readByte();
-      i |= (k & 0x7F) << j * 7;
-      if ((k & 0x80) != 128) {
-        return i;
-      }
-    }
-    throw MinecraftDecoder.DEBUG ? new CorruptedFrameException("Bad VarInt decoded")
-        : BAD_VARINT_CACHED;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -186,7 +165,7 @@ public enum ProtocolUtils {
    * @return the byte size of {@code value} if encoded as a VarInt
    */
   public static int varIntBytes(int value) {
-    return VARINT_EXACT_BYTE_LENGTHS[Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(value)];
+    return VAR_INT_LENGTHS[Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(value)];
   }
 
   /**
@@ -210,6 +189,8 @@ public enum ProtocolUtils {
 
   private static void writeVarIntFull(ByteBuf buf, int value) {
     // See https://steinborn.me/posts/performance/how-fast-can-you-write-a-varint/
+
+    // This essentially is an unrolled version of the "traditional" VarInt encoding.
     if ((value & (0xFFFFFFFF << 7)) == 0) {
       buf.writeByte(value);
     } else if ((value & (0xFFFFFFFF << 14)) == 0) {

proxy/src/main/java/com/velocitypowered/proxy/protocol/netty/MinecraftVarintFrameDecoder.java

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 
 package com.velocitypowered.proxy.protocol.netty;
 
-import com.velocitypowered.proxy.protocol.netty.VarintByteDecoder.DecodeResult;
+import static io.netty.util.ByteProcessor.FIND_NON_NUL;
+
 import com.velocitypowered.proxy.util.except.QuietDecoderException;
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
@@ -29,53 +30,114 @@ import java.util.List;
  */
 public class MinecraftVarintFrameDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {
 
-  private static final QuietDecoderException BAD_LENGTH_CACHED =
+  private static final QuietDecoderException BAD_PACKET_LENGTH =
       new QuietDecoderException("Bad packet length");
-  private static final QuietDecoderException VARINT_BIG_CACHED =
+  private static final QuietDecoderException VARINT_TOO_BIG =
       new QuietDecoderException("VarInt too big");
 
   @Override
-  protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) {
+  protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out)
+      throws Exception {
     if (!ctx.channel().isActive()) {
       in.clear();
       return;
     }
 
-    final VarintByteDecoder reader = new VarintByteDecoder();
+    // skip any runs of 0x00 we might find
-
+    int packetStart = in.forEachByte(FIND_NON_NUL);
-    int varintEnd = in.forEachByte(reader);
+    if (packetStart == -1) {
-    if (varintEnd == -1) {
-      // We tried to go beyond the end of the buffer. This is probably a good sign that the
-      // buffer was too short to hold a proper varint.
-      if (reader.getResult() == DecodeResult.RUN_OF_ZEROES) {
-        // Special case where the entire packet is just a run of zeroes. We ignore them all.
-        in.clear();
-      }
       return;
     }
+    in.readerIndex(packetStart);
 
-    if (reader.getResult() == DecodeResult.RUN_OF_ZEROES) {
+    // try to read the length of the packet
-      // this will return to the point where the next varint starts
+    in.markReaderIndex();
-      in.readerIndex(varintEnd);
+    int preIndex = in.readerIndex();
-    } else if (reader.getResult() == DecodeResult.SUCCESS) {
+    int length = readRawVarInt21(in);
-      int readVarint = reader.getReadVarint();
+    if (preIndex == in.readerIndex()) {
-      int bytesRead = reader.getBytesRead();
+      return;
-      if (readVarint < 0) {
+    }
-        in.clear();
+    if (length < 0) {
-        throw BAD_LENGTH_CACHED;
+      throw BAD_PACKET_LENGTH;
-      } else if (readVarint == 0) {
+    }
-        // skip over the empty packet(s) and ignore it
+
-        in.readerIndex(varintEnd + 1);
+    // note that zero-length packets are ignored
+    if (length > 0) {
+      if (in.readableBytes() < length) {
+        in.resetReaderIndex();
       } else {
-        int minimumRead = bytesRead + readVarint;
+        out.add(in.readRetainedSlice(length));
-        if (in.isReadable(minimumRead)) {
-          out.add(in.retainedSlice(varintEnd + 1, readVarint));
-          in.skipBytes(minimumRead);
-        }
       }
-    } else if (reader.getResult() == DecodeResult.TOO_BIG) {
-      in.clear();
-      throw VARINT_BIG_CACHED;
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Reads a VarInt from the buffer of up to 21 bits in size.
+   *
+   * @param buffer the buffer to read from
+   * @return the VarInt decoded, {@code 0} if no varint could be read
+   * @throws QuietDecoderException if the VarInt is too big to be decoded
+   */
+  private static int readRawVarInt21(ByteBuf buffer) {
+    if (buffer.readableBytes() < 4) {
+      // we don't have enough that we can read a potentially full varint, so fall back to
+      // the slow path.
+      return readRawVarintSmallBuf(buffer);
+    }
+    int wholeOrMore = buffer.getIntLE(buffer.readerIndex());
+
+    // take the last three bytes and check if any of them have the high bit set
+    int atStop = ~wholeOrMore & 0x808080;
+    if (atStop == 0) {
+      // all bytes have the high bit set, so the varint we are trying to decode is too wide
+      throw VARINT_TOO_BIG;
+    }
+
+    int bitsToKeep = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(atStop) + 1;
+    buffer.skipBytes(bitsToKeep >> 3);
+
+    // remove all bits we don't need to keep, a trick from
+    // https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/14050#issuecomment-2107750734:
+    //
+    // > The idea is that thisVarintMask has 0s above the first one of firstOneOnStop, and 1s at
+    // > and below it. For example if firstOneOnStop is 0x800080 (where the last 0x80 is the only
+    // > one that matters), then thisVarintMask is 0xFF.
+    //
+    // this is also documented in Hacker's Delight, section 2-1 "Manipulating Rightmost Bits"
+    int preservedBytes = wholeOrMore & (atStop ^ (atStop - 1));
+
+    // merge together using this trick: https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/14050#discussion_r1597896639
+    preservedBytes = (preservedBytes & 0x007F007F) | ((preservedBytes & 0x00007F00) >> 1);
+    preservedBytes = (preservedBytes & 0x00003FFF) | ((preservedBytes & 0x3FFF0000) >> 2);
+    return preservedBytes;
+  }
+
+  private static int readRawVarintSmallBuf(ByteBuf buffer) {
+    if (!buffer.isReadable()) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    buffer.markReaderIndex();
+
+    byte tmp = buffer.readByte();
+    if (tmp >= 0) {
+      return tmp;
+    }
+    int result = tmp & 0x7F;
+    if (!buffer.isReadable()) {
+      buffer.resetReaderIndex();
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if ((tmp = buffer.readByte()) >= 0) {
+      return result | tmp << 7;
+    }
+    result |= (tmp & 0x7F) << 7;
+    if (!buffer.isReadable()) {
+      buffer.resetReaderIndex();
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if ((tmp = buffer.readByte()) >= 0) {
+      return result | tmp << 14;
+    }
+    return result | (tmp & 0x7F) << 14;
+  }
 }

proxy/src/main/java/com/velocitypowered/proxy/protocol/netty/VarintByteDecoder.java

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020-2021 Velocity Contributors
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-
-package com.velocitypowered.proxy.protocol.netty;
-
-import io.netty.util.ByteProcessor;
-
-class VarintByteDecoder implements ByteProcessor {
-
-  private int readVarint;
-  private int bytesRead;
-  private DecodeResult result = DecodeResult.TOO_SHORT;
-
-  @Override
-  public boolean process(byte k) {
-    if (k == 0 && bytesRead == 0) {
-      // tentatively say it's invalid, but there's a possibility of redemption
-      result = DecodeResult.RUN_OF_ZEROES;
-      return true;
-    }
-    if (result == DecodeResult.RUN_OF_ZEROES) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    readVarint |= (k & 0x7F) << bytesRead++ * 7;
-    if (bytesRead > 3) {
-      result = DecodeResult.TOO_BIG;
-      return false;
-    }
-    if ((k & 0x80) != 128) {
-      result = DecodeResult.SUCCESS;
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  public int getReadVarint() {
-    return readVarint;
-  }
-
-  public int getBytesRead() {
-    return bytesRead;
-  }
-
-  public DecodeResult getResult() {
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  public enum DecodeResult {
-    SUCCESS,
-    TOO_SHORT,
-    TOO_BIG,
-    RUN_OF_ZEROES
-  }
-}

proxy/src/main/java/com/velocitypowered/proxy/protocol/packet/LoginPluginMessagePacket.java

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class LoginPluginMessagePacket extends DeferredByteBufHolder implements M
 
   @Override
   public void decode(ByteBuf buf, ProtocolUtils.Direction direction, ProtocolVersion version) {
-    this.id = ProtocolUtils.readVarIntSafelyOrThrow(buf);
+    this.id = ProtocolUtils.readVarInt(buf);
     this.channel = ProtocolUtils.readString(buf);
     if (buf.isReadable()) {
       this.replace(buf.readRetainedSlice(buf.readableBytes()));

proxy/src/test/java/com/velocitypowered/proxy/protocol/ProtocolUtilsTest.java

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public class ProtocolUtilsTest {
   private void writeReadTestOld(ByteBuf buf, int test) {
     buf.clear();
     writeVarIntOld(buf, test);
-    assertEquals(test, ProtocolUtils.readVarIntSafely(buf));
+    assertEquals(test, ProtocolUtils.readVarInt(buf));
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public class ProtocolUtilsTest {
           "Encoding of " + i + " was invalid");
 
       assertEquals(i, oldReadVarIntSafely(varintNew));
-      assertEquals(i, ProtocolUtils.readVarIntSafely(varintOld));
+      assertEquals(i, ProtocolUtils.readVarInt(varintOld));
 
       varintNew.clear();
       varintOld.clear();